The Journal Of Negro History Essay - 1680 Words

What I am analyzing about this research paper, I am going to talk about the African American Culture and the story am going to bring up is called Everyday use and an Literary Criticism called â€Å"The Journal Of Negro History†. First am going to talk about â€Å"Everyday Use† which it talks about a character girl name Dee saying she is reclaiming her heritage but she really actually rejecting it more violently than ever and by doing that she doesn t see how important her family culture is. On the next story â€Å"The Journal of Negro History† it talks about how the studies of African American Life and history and basically it mean that it really important to know your family heritage. During a fifty-three year span, on 1920-1973, Charles Harris was one of the most highly revered and a respected speaker. In his background in education, history, labor, and religion provided him a world-view of African-American life and culture which placed him in demand throughout the country. 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It was at this point that he began to form his idea of the ‘talented tenth’—a cadre of college-educated blacks that would break down the institutional structures of American racism while elevating their race to a pinnacle of respectRead MoreSlavery And The Practice Of Slavery1176 Words   |  5 Pagesnarratives. To explain further, this is why the details and experiences that these ex-slaves gave in describing the institution of slavery and the practice of slavery are tremendously important because Virginia became a royal colony, the first in English history. However, the English kings were occupied with affairs at home, the Virginia house of burgesses was able to continue its functions and won formal recognition in the late 1630s. Thus, representative government under royal domain was assured. By 1641Read MoreSlavery During The Revolutionary War1388 Words   |  6 Pagestogether which soon led to them agreeing that they both opposed slavery. 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Product Development Strategy Volkswagen

Questions: 1.What led to Volkswagens past-orientated marketing campaign and to what extend did price play a part in the campaign? 2.What kind of quantitative and qualitative outcomes can be used to evaluate the success of campaign? 3.What were the impacts of the viral marketing activities used in this marketing strategy? To what extent do you think they may have had an impact in terms of pricing? 4.What role should marketing managers play in helping to formulate marketing strategies in line with business-level strategies in a large and diversified firm such as Volkswage? 5.How important do you think the social networking sites, such as facebook were in influencing the actions of Volkswagens past consumers in the Goodbye Citi Golf marketing campaign? Do you think these social networks did influence Volkswagens long term consumers in South Africa? Answers: 1. Volkswagen Citi Golf was launched by Volkswagen in South Africa in 1984. It was one of the best-selling cars in the history of South Africa. The concept to introduce a hatchback was to earn some extra money for Volkswagen. Citi Golf was a major success in Africa. The Citi Golf was one of iconic cars in South Africa and has been voted as The South Africa Motorist year on year. In 1994, this entry level car had only 4 models and by 2005 20 different models were offered to the customers. The market share was approximately 20% in this segment in 2005 (Claiborne Joseph, 2015). Citi Golf being one of the low prices segmented car. But the manufacturing of the car was not economically effective, due to which the production of the car has to be stopped. Apart from the economic factor, there were many other reasons which led to close the manufacturing of the car such as the safety standard were not as per standard and it was no longer satisfying. The production rules of Citi Golf were not longer as per the norms according to the South African Government. Due to these reasons, Volkswagen thought of replacing the car and bid goodbye for its service of 25years. The marketing campaign was designed with a creative idea to take the last ever Citi Golf for its final Journey through South Africa giving the whole nation to chance to bid goodbye. The marketing campaign was developed with the unique idea using the full range of different communication. The route map designed to ensure the fans of Citi Golf an opportunity to remind the unique value of the entry level-priced car that served several families for long time. The consumers were given a chance to sign goodbye on Citi and follow the whole event live online on their homepage of Citi Golf official website. There was also the use of Social media, such as the profile of Golf Citi were created on Facebook to keep all the customers updated about the event virtually. The Citi golf was more success due to certain reasons such as Aggressive Pricing Strategy, contact innovations, high resale value and low cost of ownership/running costs. The cars entry level pricing strategy became a unique symbol to the iconic brand in South Africa. This car did not only solve the problem of mobility but also was very affordable for the people living in South Africa. 2. The marketing campaign of Goodbye Citi Gold was huge a success. This campaign touched the emotions of lot of people. The City Golf tour reminded the memory of the car of lot of people. There are certain measures through which one can measure the marketing activities in a quantitative and qualitative perspective. The factors that come under Quantitative approach are: Exposure Awareness Preference The factors that come under Qualitative approach are: Liking Message Awareness Intention to buy The campaign has successfully used the above methods to measure the marketing campaign of Citi Golf. Qualtatitive Approach: Liking- Do the consumer liked the advertisement and the consumer relate to the advertisement. In the Citi Golf Campaign, the consumer not only but also realted to the advertisement emotionally. Message Awareness- The message that an advertisement was suppose to give should be clear to all its consumers. Intention to Buy- After the advertisement any of the consumers among the targeted audience interested in buying the product. Since, In Citi Gold Campaign, it was designed to bid the goodbye to all their consumers and to build their potential customers for their new launch car. Quantitative Approach: Exposure- The medium through which the campaign should reach out to all the target audience. This can be done through different ways of marketing such as print media, social media, blogs, viral marketing etc. In Goodbye Citi Golf campaign, there were several marketing media were used so that all the people can bid goodbye to their long served car. There were blog introduced, the homepage was made for the people who werent able to attend the live event. Awareness- The awareness is measured in terms of number of views that were increase through the campaign. In the campaign of Goodbye Citi Golf, there were lot of people who participated in the journey of Citi Golf. This campaign also earned the brand loyalty of the customers. Preference- This measure means that through the campaign how many of views actually turned into a potential customer. There no such tools that can measure the outcomes of the social media marketing apart from the how an customer gets attracted to any particular brands (Hoffman and Fodor, 2010). 3. Viral marketing is a marketing technique that induces websites or users to pass on the messages of marketing to other websites or users creating an exponential growth in the messages visibility and effects. Viral marketing can be a stand- alone marketing or a part of a larger marketing campaign. This kind of marketing can be used for both large as well as the small firms. This type of marketing can be more effective for the smaller size companies as it can be more cost effective than the traditional marketing. The various social media tools that are available such as Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat have helped the firms to create an effective viral marketing. With the number of users being increased day by day the amount of time spends on social media is also exceeding including time spent on emailing. This kind of marketing campaign can shift the focus of any product from the traditional email campaign to more creative social campaign. There are various advantage and disadvantages of viral marketing. The advantage include that they have low advertising costs, faster growth and rapid lead generations. The disadvantage of the viral marketing can be-currently, the exchange of emails is very high therefore the viral marketing messages can be viewed as a spam. This type of marketing can be considered as the negative marketing buzz. There arent any quantitative tools to measure the success rate of viral marketing (Wilson, 2000). Volkswagens long term objective was to be a global automotive leader by 2018. The unit sales of Volkswagen were increasing every year. Every year there were number of new cars were getting released from the group. There are nine different brands under the Volkswagen groups - they are Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Bentley, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Lamborghini, Bugatti and Scania. The high standard that were maintained by the group were recognized globally which has led to create its brand image and reputation for quality. The pricing strategy of Volkswagen has also assisted Volkswagen to increase its high brand value. The Volkswagens global market campaign helps in consumers perception of good values. Volkswagen launched Citi Golf in South Africa in the low budget car. The car was an entry level vehicle. However, being a low budget car it was getting difficult for Volkswagen economically manufacture this car. Due to which Volkswagen stopped it manufacture and stopped bringing these car in the market. The company used all kind of marketing tools such as viral marketing as well as the social media marketing to make the marketing campaign successful of Goodbye Citi Golf. This campaign was very emotional campaign for all the people living in South African. Being one of the longest served cars for 25years, people were personally associated with this car. The campaign used all the mode of media to ensure that all the people around the country can view the journey of Citi Golf live or through the videos. There were videos posted on Youtube, blog were written about the car and its journey. The Marketing also made a website dedicated to this campaign to ensure that everyone can be a part o f this campaign. This campaign helped Volkswagen in creating a brand loyalty among the people (Subramani and Rajagopalan, 2003). 4. A marketing manager looks after the marketing department of the organization. The marketing manager coordinates all the marketing activities for any product or service. They are one who identifies the potential customers, developing market research and designs all the marketing campaign. To design an effective marketing campaign of a product or a service, the manager needs to research demographics, various trends and execute the plan accordingly. All these kinds of advertisements online or offline print or verbal are the executed with the approval of the marketing manager. Every marketing plan should be different from other marketing plan, whether it is being designed for the existing user or for the new users. These marketing campaigns are the one which attracts the new customers to introduce any product or service. The manager need to use their experience of marketing and research as it directly affects the business in terms of sales (Moorman and Rust, 1999). There are several roles that a marketing manager needs to fulfill. They are: Managing all the marketing activities for the company. Developing the marketing strategies for the company according to the company objectives and goals. Create and publish all the marketing material according to the marketing plan. The responsibility of sales and marketing of any product or service is of marketing manager. To ensure that all the relevant company functions are informed about the marketing objectives of the company through an effective internal communication. Analyzing the potential and strategic partner relationships for the company marketing. Analyzing the competition in the market and their activities. Preparing or planning the online and print marketing campaigns for the company. Sales are also in scope of work of marketing manager. The manager along with his team needs to ensure that all the marketing plans should be effective enough achieve the sales targets of the organization (Richey, Kiessling, Tokman, and Dalela, 2008) In the larger firms such as a marketing manager along with their team would be segregated in their different line of cars. There would a marketing team who would be responsible for the marketing and sales of budgeted car, for medium ranged cars and one for luxury cars. Each team would be responsible for advertising the product in the marketing and ensuring that their product can stand out in the market among the products of competitors. The team also needs to check that the all the marketing plans are being executed as per the plan that was designed so that the sales rates can be increased (Williams, 2014). In the Goodbye Citi Golf, The marketing was given to long time marketing partner of Volkswagen. The marketing manager had to ensure that the companys objective of identifying its potential customer should be fulfilled with the marketing campaign that is designed for it (Anderson He, 2015). The team ensures that all mode of marketing are involved including the social media. 5. The car was one of the bestselling cars and the marketing team wanted that the whole country should get a chance to say goodbye. The car was specially designed for the South African people according to their demand and economic status. Social media was used by Volkswagens team to communicate not only with all their past customers but also to their potential customers. Volkswagen wanted to increase the potential influence of social media marketing and proving it to be a unique marketing campaign. The marketing was done through social media were Facebook, twitter and Youtube. The entire journey of Goodbye Citi Golf was covered by few sites (Yong Heng, 2013). The coverage of the event done through social media was a perfect chance to create a stronger brand image in the mindsets of potential customers (Saravanakumar and SuganthaLakshmi, 2012). There are lots of benefits of social media marketing for a brand to build its image among their customers. As per research, there are more than 51% of facebook fans and 67% twitter followers get attracted towards the brand and are most likely to buy the brands that they follow. The social media platform helps the companies to build a trust among their customers. People only buy the things from the brand that they trust. Trust, perceived usefulness of a product and intend to buy are directly correlated to each other. The trust perceives the product as useful which indirectly influences the buyer to intend to buy. Social media marketing helps in increase in brand recognition and also in enhancing the image of brand through the strong marketing plan and review that are provided by the other related customers. It also influences the purchase decision of any product, as all the benefits are listed on the blogs that are easily available online. It can also help in increasing the customer e ngagement through various contests available and few related blog that are being posted by the companies (Scott, 2015). With the same motive, the marketing through GoodBye Citi Golf was designed. This campaign is an example of how public relations can be used to create more or less publicity for free. There were several social media marketing tools were used to bring in the attention of all their existing and potential customers such facebook post, videos and blogs. These social media tools had the higher credibility in spreading the message loud and clear with no much of the cost that is needed. Reference Anderson, P.M. and He, X. Consumer behavior in East/West cultures: Implications for marketing a consumer durable. In Proceedings of the 1996 Multicultural Marketing Conference (pp. 3-8). (Springer International Publishing, 2015) Claiborne, C. B., and M. Joseph Sirgy. "Self-image congruence as a model of consumer attitude formation and behavior: A conceptual review and guide for future research." InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, pp. 1-7. (Springer International Publishing, 2015). Goh, Khim-Yong, Cheng-Suang Heng, and Zhijie Lin. "Social media brand community and consumer behavior: Quantifying the relative impact of user-and marketer-generated content." (Information Systems Research 24, no. 1: 88-107, 2013) Helm, S. Viral marketing-establishing customer relationships by'word-of-mouse'.(Electronic markets,10(3), pp.158-161, 2000) Hoffman, D.L. and Fodor, M. Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing?.(MIT Sloan Management Review,52(1), p.41, 2010) Jurvetson, S.,. What exactly is viral marketing.(Red Herring,78, pp.110-112, 2000) Moorman, C. and Rust, R.T.. The role of marketing.(The Journal of Marketing, pp.180-197, 1999) Richey, R.G., Kiessling, T.S., Tokman, M. and Dalela, V. Market growth through mergers and acquisitions: The role of the relationship marketing manager in sustaining performance.(Industrial Marketing Management,37(4), pp.394-406, 2008) Subramani, M.R. and Rajagopalan, B.,. Knowledge-sharing and influence in online social networks via viral marketing.(Communications of the ACM,46(12), pp.300-307, 2003) Scott, D.M.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. (John Wiley Sons, 2015) Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T. Social media marketing.(Life Science Journal,9(4), pp.4444-4451, 2012) Wilson, R.F. The six simple principles of viral marketing.(Web Marketing Today,70(1), p.232, 2000) Williams, P. "Emotions and consumer behavior." (Journal of Consumer Research 40, no. 5: viii-xi, 2104)

The Catcher In The Rye Essays (721 words) - Literary Realism

The Catcher in the Rye In J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, the first person narration is critical in helping the reader to know and understand the main character, Holden Caulfield. Holden, in his narration, relates a flashback of a significant period of his life, three days and nights on his own in New York City. Through his narration, Holden discloses to the reader his innermost thoughts and feelings. He thus provides the reader not only with information of what occurred, but also how he felt about what happened. Holden's thoughts and ideas reveal many of his character traits. One late Saturday night, four days before the beginning of school vacation, Holden is alone, bored and restless, wondering what to do. He decides to leave Pencey, his school, at once and travels to New York by train. He decides that, once in New York, he will stay in a cheap motel until Wednesday, when he is to return home. His plan shows the reader how very impetuous he is and how he acts on a whim. He is unrealistic, thinking that he has a foolproof plan, even though the extent of his plans are to "take a room in a hotel.., and just take it easy till Wednesday." Holden's excessive thoughts on death are not typical of most adolescents. His near obsession with death might come from having experienced two deaths in his early life. He constantly dwells on Allie, his brother's, death. From Holden's thoughts, it is obvious that he loves and misses Allie. In order to hold on to his brother and to minimize the pain of his loss, Holden brings Allie's baseball mitt along with him where ever he goes. The mitt has additional meaning and significance for Holden because Allie had written poetry, which Holden reads, on the baseball mitt. Holden's preoccupation with death can be seen in his contemplation of a dead classmate, James Castle. It tells the reader something about Holden that he lends his turtleneck sweater to this classmate, with whom he is not at all close. Holden's feelings about people reveal more of his positive traits. He constantly calls people phonies, even his brother, D.B., who " has sold out to Hollywood." Although insulting, his seemingly negative feelings show that Holden is a thinking and analyzing, outspoken individual who values honesty and sincerity. He is unimpressed with people who try to look good in other's eyes. Therefore, since it is obvious that Holden is bright, the reason for his flunking out of school would seem to be from a lack of interest. Holden has strong feelings of love towards children as evidenced through his caring for Phoebe, his little sister. He is protective of her, erasing bad words from the walls in her school and in a museum, in order that she not learn from the graffiti. His fondness for children can be inferred when he tells her that, at some time in the future, he wants to be the only grown-up with "all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all." He'll stand on the edge of a cliff and catch anybody who starts to fall off the edge of the cliff. He got this image from his misinterpretation of a line from the Robert Burns poem, " if a body catch a body comin' through the rye." When situations are described, in person or in a book, they are influenced by the one who describes them, and by his or her perceptions and experiences. Through Holden's expressions of his thoughts and feelings, the reader sees a youth, sensitive to his surroundings, who chooses to deal with life in unique ways. Holden is candid, spontaneous, analytical, thoughtful, and sensitive, as evidenced by his narration. Like most adolescents, feelings about people and relationships are often on his mind. Unfortunately, in Holden's case, he seems to expect the worst, believing that the result of getting close to people is pain. Pain when others reject you or pain when they leave you, such as when a friend walks off or a beloved brother dies. It would not have been possible to feel Holden's feelings or understand his thoughts

China Essay Example

China Essay Example China Essay China Essay Ask the ordinary businessperson on the street what is their impression of China, and two answers emerge. The first presents China as a vast and largely untapped potential market for Western goods, the ‘1 billion new customers’ approach which sees China as either a mecca or a minefield, depending on one’s attitude to the associated risks and obstacles (Barro 1995). The second sees China as a vast workshop, turning out low-cost consumer goods for both domestic consumption and export. China is the largest developing country in the world. The country has vast territories and abundant natural and human resources. The country has huge domestic markets of great potential. Through trade and economic cooperation, China can achieve resource complementarity and market sharing. Combining capital, technology, and management expertise with Chinas low-cost labour and huge domestic market will bring enormous opportunities of common interest to other countries. The expansion of th e Chinese economy is not a phenomenon that affects China alone, or even East Asia alone. All of us are touched by this growth, and will be even more affected by it in the future. If we wait for this phenomenon to reach its full form before discussing it, it may be too late and great opportunities will have slipped away. It is time to start thinking about the presence and impact of Chinese-based international and multinational businesses, even if the practical outcome may be long deferred. This paper will discuss how the political, economic and cultural issues may affect the attractiveness of China. The determinants of FDI for market-seeking investors are mainly related to market attractiveness, trade barriers, investment risks and the host countrys attitude to provide foreign investors with positive conditions for business activities. Market-seeking MNEs are attracted by the market potential (size and growth), the costs of market access (entry/participation), the governments control over supply, pricing and distribution, etc. Since European MNEs in China are strongly oriented towards RD intensive industries, intellectual property protection may also have a substantial impact on the entry path and on the type of resources committed by these firms. As trade barriers are often associated with other entry conditions such as the allowed degree of foreign ownership, the sectoral and geographic location requirements or incentives they equally influence the investment decisions by MNEs. The economic size of the Chinese market has significantly expanded since the end of the 1970s. The total GDP of China reached US$ 961 billion in 1998, which brought GDP at a per capita level at US$ 776. The average annual growth rate of Chinas GDP reached 9.8 per cent between 1977 and 1987 and 10.3 per cent during the period 1988-1998. The existing market size and its expected expansion are undoubtedly among the driving forces of the enormous FDI flows into China during the last decade (Chen 2001). The structure of the Chinese economy has changed tremendously. The proportion of the industrial and service sectors in the GDP increased, respectively, from 47 and 23 per cent in 1977 to 49 and 33 per cent in 1998. The increasing importance of the industrial sector, in particular manufacturing, resulted in the integration of China into the Asian production system and to a certain extent even in the global one. The exports of China increased from US$ 9 billion in 1977 to US$ 208 billion in 1998, an annual growth of 18 per cent during the period 1977-1987 and 14 per cent between 1988 and 1998. This economic performance, especially of manufacturing production and exports, largely explains the boom of Chinas economy (Kaufman 2001). The existence and the level of trade barriers, such as tariff duties and quotas, customs procedures and specific standards as well as all kinds of technical requirements, have been major determinants for market-seeking investors in China. China often uses prohibitively high tariffs in combination with import restrictions to protect its domestic industry. As import tariffs are much higher for finished goods than for upstream inputs, they result in a high effective rate of protection. Tariffs may range from 3 per cent on promoted imports to over 150 per cent on discouraged imports, such as automobiles. These tariff measures are often associated with a lack of transparency in customs procedures with regard to the necessary documents, registration procedures or licensing system. Chinas tariff and non-tariff barriers present major obstacles to foreign companies waiting to penetrate the Chinese market by way of exports. These trade barriers consequently encouraged many foreign companies to shift from exporting to local assembly and move on to a local production activity, especially when there are local content requirements. European MNEs producing in the automotive industry have typically followed such a sequence in China (Burkett 2004). Over the last 2-3 years, China has gradually reduced its tariffs in order to be admitted to the WTO. To facilitate negotiations for its membership requests, China already in 1996 cut its import duties on some 4,600 items, from an average rate of 35.9 to 23 per cent and scrapped a third of its import quotas (Chen 2001). While such reductions of import tariffs increased export opportunities for foreign companies, industries such as automotive and consumer electronics are still highly protected. A further reduction of import tariffs and the elimination of many non-tariff barriers by the Chinese government, as a result of its newly gained membership of the WTO, will also lower protection in a number of specific industries. As a result, the foreign MNEs that are producing in previously protected industries within China will be facing stronger competition from imported products. For these reasons, many European MNEs that moved into China at an early stage are rationalising their operations within the country by engaging into larger-scale operations and more specialised activities. A number of MNEs are reorganising their links with suppliers, especially by creating local sourcing capabilities and/or bringing with them suppliers from the home country into China. The lack of a well-structured and transparent legal system in China poses serious problems for foreign-owned firms. A clear and strict hierarchical system of norms does not really exist yet. Moreover, there are many diverse regulations issued by different ministries and offices of the central and local/regional governments. Western companies, especially SMEs, are often unable to find out which regulations exactly apply to them. In some cases, unpublished regulations may have precedence over officially published ones. Sometimes, the officially published and unofficially applied rules from the central and local governments are simply contradictory. However, since the liberalisation of FDI, the Chinese government has made great efforts to build up an appropriate business environment for foreign investors within the context of the transition of the Chinese economy towards a more market-oriented system. With regard to market-seeking foreign investors and their initiatives to expand their scale of operation and their specialisation based activities, the measures taken by the Chinese government mainly consisted of the introduction of market mechanisms that allow for a better resource allocation and product distribution. First, the foreign exchange restrictions that were the main barrier for foreign enterprises to sell in the domestic market were gradually lifted by the introduction of new regulatory and administrative measures. Also, the unification of the dual exchange rate system in 1994, through the elimination of the so-called Foreign Exchange Certificates (FECs), which existed alongside the local currency Renminbi, was an impor tant step towards the convertibility of the Chinese currency. Second, the centrally controlled and unified pricing system was converted into a mechanism based on demand factors and production costs. The state plan for the supply of inputs and the distribution of products was gradually eliminated and replaced by market transactions. Market mechanisms such as stock exchanges and labour markets were established and a number of new economic institutions were set up and opened for foreign investors to facilitate transactions of capital, technology, labour and commodities. In 1995, the Chinese government allowed foreign companies to invest through the stock exchange and to set up foreign joint stock companies and investment-oriented companies. The introduction of such flexible investment forms not only improved the investment climate in general, but also allowed foreign companies to achieve a better co-ordination among their different activities in China and thus to operate more efficiently. Additionally, more intensive vertical and horizontal linkag es with Chinese domestic enterprises were fostered. Third, with the increasing use of the market mechanism for business transactions in China, the government introduced a set of regulations to explicitly facilitate market transactions and to stimulate efficiency. Also, the national regulatory framework was brought more into line with international standards, for example, in the areas of contract law, dispute settlement procedures, patent and trade mark protection, accounting systems and copyright protection. Between 1979 and 1994, the Chinese government promulgated more than 500 regulations and laws concerning foreign trade and economic co-operation, of which about seventy concerned FDI. China also signed bilateral and multilateral treaties to protect and promote FDI activities within its territory with no less than sixty-five countries (Child 1999). Most EU countries signed such bilateral treaties with the Chinese government during the 1980s. The most significant change in the Chinese business regulations for foreignowned firms was the introduction and improvement of intellectual property rights during the 1990s. The introduction of patent law has removed a major obstacle to attract foreign investment in high-tech sectors and has extended the perspectives for the development of industries with high RD investments and high specialisation. Yet, the full implementation of these regulations is not completed yet. In reviewing the development of the Chinese FDI policy and its impact on the attractiveness of Chinese LSAs for FDI during the last two decades of the twentieth century, three major characteristics can be identified. First, the liberalisation and upgrading process of LSAs by the Chinese government has been closely linked with the geographical extension of FDI incentives on the basis of special tax measures and administrative regulations. Second, China has gradually introduced a set of sectoral and performance requirements for FDI within the context of its economic development strategy that is based on import substitution, export promotion and technological upgrading. Third, the control about ownership/entry forms of FDI has been gradually liberalised with the improvement of the market mechanisms and expansion of the private sector. The specific FDI measures, which were introduced by the Chinese government to support its geographical and sectoral monitoring system, consist of the liberalisation and upgrading of local resources, the introduction of a market system to improve resource allocation and product distribution, the building-up of a legal system geared to market transactions, the decentralisation of macroeconomic management, the diversification of ownership control and the introduction of performance requirements. These measures will be briefly analysed within the geographical and sectoral dimensions of the Chinese FDI policy. China has emerged as one of the leading international traders of textile products. According to official statistics compiled by the WTO, China was the worlds largest exporter of both textiles and clothing in 1999, accounting for 9 percent and 16 percent of the international market, respectively. (Overall, China leads the world industry with a total market share of 13 percent) While China is not a big importer of clothing, it is the worlds second largest importer of textiles (many of which are reexported after processing), taking in 7 percent of total international sales in 1999 (Child 1999). By any measure, therefore, China has become a major player in the world industry. Indeed, textile trade is critical not just to the Chinese industry itself (e.g., exports account for slightly more than one-half of Chinas production of textiles and clothing by value), but to the entire Chinese economy, as well. While the share of textile and clothing products in Chinas total exports had declined t o 22 percent by 1999 from a high of 30 percent in 1994, it was still close to the 23 percent share recorded in 1980. This record is especially remarkable given the quantity-based restrictions placed on China under the MFA. Indeed, it suggests how successful the industry has been in moving upmarket. While the relative share of textile and clothing products in Chinas total exports has declined modestly over time, the absolute value of these sales has continued to rise steadily, reaching U. S. $43 billion in 1999. In fact, only in 1996 did the textile sector finally relinquish its leading position in Chinas export profile to the machinery and electronics sector. Rather amazingly, therefore, nearly U. S. $1 out of every U. S. $4 of Chinese exports is still earned from the sale of textiles and clothing, this despite the rapid growth of Chinese exports across an increasing number of industrial sectors (Hansen 1996). China has also made commitments to grant foreign companies foreign trade and distribution rights, which include wholesaling, retailing, maintenance, after-sale services, and transportation. American businesses can distribute imported products and products that are made in China, which will in turn provide export opportunities for American products. After China joined the WTO, the investment environment was further improved. Foreign investment in China was increased as a result of the increased attractiveness of the vast market. For some companies the rise of Chinese business can be seen as a threat, but for others prepared to think creatively, there will be plenty of opportunities. Important though Honda’s announcement that it will begin to build cars in China may be, an arguably still more important announcement was made later in 2002. The Chinese car maker Brilliance China is hooking up with a series of Western car makers in joint ventures in different areas. A BMW joint venture is allowing Brilliance to effectively become the BMW distributor for China, which should be good news for both parties as the market for luxury cars in China is growing. But Brilliance is also establishing technical joint ventures with Western car makers which will allow it to participate in RD projects and learn the latest methods of both designing and building cars. The global car industry is a tough one to enter; the barriers are high, and the investment required is substantial. Brilliance is taking its first tentative s teps in this industry by learning from its bigger overseas partners. More cogently, there is a tendency to think of China as a developing country, and of Chinese businesses as under-managed and inefficient. Once upon a time, yes, but the picture is rapidly changing. ‘Developing country’ is a label which many Chinese are beginning to question, regardless of the fact that certain parts of the country, at least, are still very much in an early industrial or even a pre-industrial mode. And the typical Chinese business is no longer the SOE, grossly over-manned and insolvent, its tens of thousands of workers housed and fed from the iron rice bowl, churning out its quota of goods regardless of market demand. The typical Chinese business today is a small to medium enterprise run by a close group of family or friends, perhaps graduates from the same university class, often young, conscious of the fact that they still have a lot to learn but acutely focused on a particular business opportunity and prepared to work until they drop to make it happen. These young Chinese managers are tough, flexible and determined. They know they have before them an opportunity which might not come around again. They are, in terms of intellect and commitment, our equals if not our superiors, and they deserve our respect. One of the biggest changes in China in the last few years has been the emergence of this new generation of entrepreneurs. Born at the tail end of the Cultural Revolution or early in the reform era, they were still at school at the time of Tiananmen Square. They are well-educated and used to living with Western influences. They are prepared to take on the world. In other words, they see us as a potential market very much as Westerners see them. In that common outlook, we should be able to arrange a meeting of minds on other issues as well. China, according to a series of reports in the Financial Times, is becoming the workshop of the world. With companies sourcing everything from toys to electronics components there, China is finding that its economic strength is turning from being a vast market (and occasional dumping ground) for Western goods to being a supplier of cheap retail goods and, increasingly, a supplier of labour and materials for the manufacturers of the West. And already, the trend towards exporting more sophisticated finished goods is beginning. The most important implication of all this is to repeat the comment that doing business with the Chinese is no longer just a matter of doing business in China. Chinese customers, partners and competitors are beginning to come to the West to do business on their own account, and are doing so with increasing confidence, competence and financial backing. More and more Western managers will end up doing business with, or in competition with, Chinese firms as the year s go by, and this without the Western side ever setting foot in China. This is all part of globalisation, of course, but it is part to which more thought must be given. We are accustomed to the triad America, Europe and Japan, though the last is steadily losing power and influence as its economic crisis shows no sign of ending running the show. The idea that China could be a new entrant into this power game is not always taken very seriously. But if current trends carry on, by 2020 maybe earlier China’s economy will overtake Japan’s and China will be the number 2 economic power in the world. It may be only a matter of time before it goes on to become number 1.

A humble people

List the positive and the negative things Bingham says about the British. In the text are positive and negative things said about the British. Bingham is of the opinion that the positive things about British are that they are Imaginative and original, permissive and that they are at least not French. But he also believes that there are many bad things too. Firstly, he mentions that there are problems in society. Secondly he says that there is a lack in education. Additionally the managers and politicians combine worse attributes like greedy, incompetent and sleazy. And finally other bad things about British is according to Bingham that they hate their weather, the public services extremely bad, the house prices are very high, the roads Jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. b) How does the author view multiculturalism in Britain today? Describe how, according to him, multiculturalism was different in the past. The authors view is that multiculturalism In Britain today causes less difficulties than in the past. He mentions that some people say that multiculturalism causes problems because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont be a new challenge if it exists. According to him, multiculturalism in the past was always combined with bad manners like a sword in the belly (1. 31) in the age of the Vikings or bonfires, stakes and heretics (1. 32) in the sixteenth century. 2. Analysis Examine the style of the text think about *tone and *irony. Describe the effect on the reader. The author makes use of formal language but also incorporates colloquial elements. He is distinguished by his eloquence. Combining an elevated style with colloquial language gives a comic effect. The text varies in the use of simple and complex sentence construction. The text is written in an ironic style and contains many ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text Is humorous. The vocabulary Is extensive. Essay about A humble people By Pantapon 1 . Comprehension opinion that the positive things about British are that they are imaginative and jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. The authors view is that multiculturalism in Britain today causes less difficulties than because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text is humorous. The vocabulary is extensive.

You choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

You choose - Essay Example These emissions are from deforestation or from burning fossil fuels that tend to trap the heat that is meant to eventually escape from earth. (Archer, 2012). The Earths climate is often caused by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere. It contains most of the matter that make up the atmosphere (Weart, 2003). A close study of this layer shows how thin it really is. In fact, if one were to view Earth from space, the main part of the atmosphere would seem to be only thick as the onions skin. It is through the realization of this fact that makes it even more evident to make an assumption that human beings can change the climate. The greenhouse effect is one of the major factors that cause global warming. Hence, a study of the amount of greenhouse gasses that humans spew into the atmosphere makes the assumption even more plausible. Different researchers have over the years come up with several explanations of global warming to ensure the proper understanding of it to the general public. According to Johansen (2011), global warming is described as the observed century scale ascending of the earth’s average temperature in its climate system and the associated effects. Numerous results of the evidence by scientists show the gradual warming of the climate system (Weart, 2003). Since 1970, the additional energy that has been stored in the climate system has diverted to ocean warming. Only 10% of it has remained hence leading to melting of the ice, warming of the continents and the atmosphere (Weart, 2003). There have been many observed changes since 1950s to now hence the changes appear to be unprecedented in these decades. In the present time, it is clear that technology has developed as compared to ten years ago. The greater the technology, the more the scientific understanding of global warming is seen to increase. The world now cannot be

Green Field Enterprise Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Green Field Enterprise - Research Proposal Example The business would be aimed to incur profitability through the delivery of exceptional quality cuisines and specialty food and value creation for the customers in the United Kingdom market. The restaurants of Fortuna will appeal to customers of various demographics and would be a fine dining restaurant choice for both family and business purposes. The menu of Fortuna restaurants would be inspired from a range of various cuisines from all across the world. The personnel planning, management structure, marketing mix, operations management and financial forecasts are used to understand the feasibility and profitability of the Fortuna restaurant chains. The Fortuna chain of restaurants will be opened up with the aim of providing differentiated gourmet cuisines to all the generations of customers in the market of United Kingdom. The restaurant business would provide a wide variety of meals and dishes and would try to cater tom a wide variety of clientele. Fortuna restaurants would be characterized by a cosy and upscale atmosphere, a premium ambience, superior facilities, excellent customer services and a wide variety of cuisine specialties to create an overall exceptional fine dining experience for both the family and business customers in the market. The chain of restaurants would be established to operate as a main player in the food and hospitality sector of United Kingdom. The place would be suitable for quiet dining, business meetings as well as for celebrating special occasions and would thus be suitable for a variety of services for the customers (Kutratko, 2008, p.215). Fortuna will be established with the aim to create a great place for fine dining combined with excellent quality and wide variety of cuisines and an excellent dining atmosphere. The mission of Fortuna chain of restaurants is to become the restaurant preferred by a wide range of customers varying from